Walden PUBH6170 full course (All assignments +discussions+ quizess+ final exam)

Application

Biology of Energy Homeostasis

The
primary objective of this assignment is to introduce you to the major
biological concepts that are associated with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular
disease, and obesity. This Application focuses on the role of various
biological processes involved in the regulation of food intake, nutrition,
energy homeostasis, and metabolism.

Complete the following steps.

·
Read
the article by Jeffrey Flier and Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, “What Fuels
Fat” as an introduction to the topic. This article explains the complex
biology of energy balance and the contribution different organs make in
regulating this process.

·

o
Flier, J. S., & Maratos-Flier, E.
(2007). What fuels fat. Scientific American, 297, 72-81. Retrieved
from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 17784627)

·
Read Chapter 14, “The Digestive
System and Nutrition,” in the course text Human Biology: Concepts
and Current Issues.

After
reading Flier’s article and Chapter 14, think about the role of cellular and
molecular biology in regulation of food intake and nutrition, energy
homeostasis, and metabolism. Browse the review articles from the list provided
below, and choose an area of interest. Each article provides an overview of the
complex biochemical and molecular processes that help regulate different organ
systems in health and in the development of diabetes and cardiovascular
disease.

Please note, you are expected to read a selection of the review articles listed
below to gain a better or deeper understanding of the topic. However, for your
Application Assignment you must also find primary research articles in your
area of interest. You may use the review articles in your Application paper,
but primary research is required for your research section. Using less than
three primary research articles will result in a deduction of points.

There are four biological focus areas provided. After familiarizing yourself
with the overall topics, choose the area that interests you and review those
articles. Then, please locate and use at least three appropriate primary
research articles, all of which are related to the same focus area.

Obesity and Energy Homeostasis

·
Cummings
, D. E., & Overduin, J. (2007). Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. Journal
of Clinical Investigation, 117, 13–23. Retrieved from the Walden Library
Academic Search Premier database. (AN 25218811)

·
Drucker,
D. J. (2006). The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metabolism, 3,
153-165. Retrieved from http://www.glucagon.com/pdfs/CellMetabolism2006.pdf

·
Flier, J. S. (2004). Obesity wars:
Molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell, 116,
337–350. Click here to access the
article.

·
Hill, J. O. (2006). Understanding and
addressing the epidemic of obesity: An energy balance perspective. Endocrine
Reviews, 27, 750–761. Retrieved fromhttp://edrv.endojournals.org/content/27/7/750.full.pdf+html

Nutrition, Obesity, and Atherosclerotic
Cardiovascular Disease

·
McGavock, J. M., Victor, R. G., Unger,
R. H., & Szczepaniak, L. S. (2006). Adiposity of the heart, revisited. Annals
of Internal Medicine, 144, 517-524. Retrieved from the Walden Library
Academic Search Premier database. (AN 20371697)

·
Semenkovich, C. F. (2006). Insulin
resistance and atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116,
1813–1822. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database.
(AN 23151475)

·
Berg, A. H., & Scherer, P. E.
(2005). Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation
Research, 96, 939–949. Retrieved fromhttp://circres.ahajournals.org/content/96/9/939.full.pdf+html

·
Getz, G. S., & Reardon, C. A.
(2007). Nutrition and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis,
Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 27, 2499–2506. Retrieved fromhttp://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/27/12/2499.full.pdf+html

·
Katagiri, H., Yamada, T., & Oka, Y.
(2007). Adiposity and cardiovascular disorders disturbance of the regulatory
system consisting of humoral and neuronal signals.Circulation Research, 101,
27–39. Retrieved from http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/1/27.abstract

·
Lopaschuk, G. D., Folmes, C. D. L.,
& Stanley, W. C. (2007). Cardiac energy metabolism in obesity. Circulation
Research, 101, 335–347. Retrieved fromhttp://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/4/335.full.pdf+html

Obesity and Inflammation

·
Corvera,
S., Burkart, A., Kim, J.-Y., Christianson, J., Wang, Z., & Scherer, P. E.
(2006). Keystone meeting summary: ‘ Adipogenesis, obesity, and inflammation’
and ‘Diabetes mellitus and the control of cellular energy metabolism,’ January
21–26, 2006, Vancouver, Canada. Genes & Development, 20,
2193–2201. Retrieved from http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/20/16/2193.full.pdf+html

·
Rana,
J., Nieuwdorp, M., Jukema, J., & Kastelein, J. (2007). Cardiovascular
metabolic syndrome – an interplay of, obesity, inflammation, diabetes and
coronary heart disease. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 9 (3),
218-232. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database (AN
24475620).

·
Schenk,
S., Saberi, M., & Olefsky, J. (2008). Insulin sensitivity: modulation by
nutrients and inflammation. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118 (9),
2992-3002. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database
(AN 34270623)

Metabolic
Syndrome

·
Bagby, S. P. (2004). Obesity-initiated
metabolic syndrome and the kidney: A recipe for chronic kidney disease? Journal
of the American Society of Nephrology, 15, 2775-2791. Retrieved from http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/15/11/2775.full.pdf+html

·
Unger, R. H. (2003). Minireview:
Weapons of lean body mass destruction: The role of ectopic lipids in the
metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology, 144, 5159–5165. Retrieved from http://endo.endojournals.org/content/144/12/5159.full.pdf+html

·
Write a five page (body; double spaced)
review of the topic from a public health biology perspective. In your review,
include the following:

·

ii.
Discuss the biological basis of energy
homeostasis, including an introduction to your chosen focus area;

iii.
Discuss some of the recent (within five
years) and current research on the focus area you chose, including study aim,
methods, and results of the studies you discuss;

iv.
Explain the value and application of
the above research findings to public health, citing the studies as needed, and
providing some examples of how this information is or can be used in public
health policy, programs, and practice.

Your
paper must provide APA-formatted references for all resources used and adhere
to APA style and format. APA style headers will be expected for the three
subsections of biological basis, research, and public health application. Use
subheaders as needed. A title page and a reference page is required. An
abstract is optional. Use your APA manual, or get help from the Writing Center
if you need it.

Week 6 application

Application

Biology
of Asthma and Allergic Disease

The
primary objective of this assignment is to introduce you to the major
biological concepts that are associated with asthma and allergic disease. This
Application focuses on the role of various biological processes involved in the
chronic illnesses of asthma and allergy. Complete the following steps.

1. Read the article by Dale Umetsu and
Rosemarie DeKruyff, “The Regulation of Allergy and Asthma.”

·

o
Umetsu,
D. T., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2006). The regulation of allergy and asthma. Immunological
Reviews, 212(1), 238–255. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search
Premier database. (AN 21667826)

2. Read Chapter 10, “The Respiratory
System: Exchange of Gases” in the course text, Human Biology:
Concepts and Current Issues.

3. Read a selection of the review articles
presented below to gain a better or deeper understanding of the topic and help
you choose a focus area. For your Application Assignment you must also find at
least three primary research articles in your area of interest. You may use the
review articles in your Application paper, but primary research is required for
your research section. Using less than three primary research articles will
result in a deduction of points.

In the first application, you were given some focus areas. This time, you will
do your own research to choose a biological focus; a specific area that
interests you. Examples may include the “hygiene hypothesis,” windows
of exposure, nutrition and gastrointestinal flora, helminth infections, Tregs, and
NKT cells. Read the appropriate optional articles, and then locate additional
review and primary research articles on your area of interest.

o
Devereux,
G. (2006). The increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergy: Food for
thought. Nature Reviews Immunology, 6(11), 869–< /font>874.
Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN
22848496)

o
Tantisira,
K. G., & Weiss, S. T. (2006). The pharmacogenetics of asthma therapy. Current
Drug Targets, 7(12), 1697–1708. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic
Search Premier database. (AN 23278588)

o
Umetsu,
D. T., Meyer, E. H., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2007). Natural killer T cells
regulate the development of asthma. International Reviews of
Immunology, 26(1/2), 121–< /font>140. Retrieved from the Walden
Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 24515668)

o
Wohlleben, G., & Erb, K. J. (2006).
Immune stimulatory strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma. Current
Pharmaceutical Design, 12(25), 3281–? < /font>3292. Retrieved from the
Walden Library Academic Search Premier database. (AN 22139036)

o
Yeatts,
K., Sly, P., Shore, S., Weiss, S., Martinez, F., & Geller, A. et al.
(2006). A brief targeted review of susceptibility factors, environmental
exposures, asthma incidence, and recommendations for future asthma incidence
research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 634–<
/font>640. Retrieved from the Walden Library Academic Search Premier
database. (AN 20814567)

4. Write a five page (body; double-spaced)
review of the topic from a public health biology perspective. In your review,
include the following:

.
Explain
the biological basis of asthma and allergic disease, including an introduction
to your chosen focus area;

i.
Discuss
some of the recent (within five years) and current research on the biological
focus area you chose, including study aim, methods, and results of the studies
you discuss;

ii.
Explain
the value and application of the above research findings to public health,
citing the studies as needed, and providing some examples of how this
information is or can be used in public health policy, programs, and practice.

Your
paper must provide APA-formatted references for all resources used and adhere
to APA style and format. APA style headers will be expected for the three
subsections of biological basis, research, and public health application. Use
subheaders as needed. A title page and a reference page is required. An
abstract is optional. Use your APA manual, or get help from the Writing Center
if you need it.

Note: This Application Assignment is
due by Day 7 of Week 9.

Week 1

Antibiotic
Resistance

Current research is showing that
antibiotic resistance is on the rise. In past years, people were less concerned
about overuse of antibiotics. Because of research, we now know that using
antibiotics when they are not necessary gives microbes a better chance to
mutate and gain resistance to that antibiotic. In addition, if you stop taking
the medicine before it has had the necessary time to kill off the majority of
the bacteria, the ones that are left are the ones that are most resistant to
the antibiotic. In essence, when you fail to complete a course of antibiotic
treatment, you are creating your own antibiotic resistant germs. This is why
most antibiotics are designed to be taken for longer than the time it may take
you to feel better.

In preparation for this week’s Discussion, review the required readings and
“Health Watch: The Growing Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria”
from Chapter 1 in the textbook, Human Biology: Concepts and Current
Issues. Also consider this week’s video segment in which Dr. Sharon Krag
and Dr. Fernando Guerra discuss the importance of public health professionals
understanding biological concepts.

With this in mind, think about why it is important for public health
professionals to understand the biological basis of antibiotic resistance.
Recall that primary research is an original document that is the first account
of what happened. A research report is primary, and you can tell because it
will have materials and methods, demonstrating how the research was done. Many
of the preselected articles in this class are review articles, which are
secondary. They are designed to give you an overview of the subject. In order
to understand and discuss the current research that is going on for any
particular topic, you will need to locate and read primary research articles
that are published in peer-reviewed, scholarly journals. Because public health
is an evidence-based discipline, strive to use primary research that is
published in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals.

Post by Day 4 a response to this question:

·

·
Provide an overview of the mechanisms
of antibiotic resistance.

·

·
Discuss at least one example of recent,
published research aimed at understanding mechanisms of antibiotic resistance,
and explain how knowledge about antibiotic resistance can be applied in public
health (remember that public health is not medical treatment of individuals, so
think in terms of education, programs, interventions, policies, development of
products used for prevention and treatment of populations, etc.).

Support your
discussion by citing at least one primary research article.

Read your
colleagues’ postings.

Week2

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

The
Skin As a Protective Barrier

As
you have learned this week, skin functions as a protective barrier and is
functional in several bodily processes. Your skin helps protect your body from
dehydration and injury, defends against invading bacteria and viruses, and
regulates the body’s temperature. Skin is the largest organ in the body. In
preparation for this week’s Discussion, consider both how the skin functions
and how it acts as a protective barrier.

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Provide
a concise description of the structure and function of the skin, using
molecular and cellular biological terms as appropriate.

·

·
Discuss at least one example of recent,
published research regarding a health issue or disease that affects skin or for
which skin is a factor, and explain how it can be applied in public health.

Support
your examples by citing at least one primary research article.

Bottom of Form

Week3

Cycle
of Life

Thalidomide
is widely known as the anti-nausea drug that was given to pregnant women in the
1950s (Lepper, Smith, Cox, Scripture, & Figg, 2006). This drug was later
found to cause severe birth defects. However, today, based on the same mechanism
of action that led to the limb malformations, thalidomide is being researched
as a cancer drug (Gordinier et al., 2007). This highlights the importance of
understanding mechanisms of action, and of keeping an open mind as to
application of such knowledge. It also highlights how important the stage of
development is and the implications of increased sensitivity based on stage of
development.

In preparation for this week’s Discussion, consider the role of cellular and
molecular biology in aging and how the cycle of life presents different
opportunities for health risks. In Week 2, we discussed the skin. Although you
are encouraged to think about how material from this week applies to skin,
please choose a different organ system for this Discussion.

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Choose
an organ system (not skin), and discuss one way in which the stage of
development or age of an individual relates to an increased sensitivity to
damage to that system. Be sure to explain the biological basis/mechanism of the
sensitivity.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published research that has been done to
understand the sensitivity you described above, and explain how the findings
can be applied in public health.

Support your discussion by citing
at least one primary research article.

Week4

Genetic
Bases of Huntington’s disease

Post
by Day 4 a
response to the following:

·

·
Explain
the genetic bases of Huntington’s disease and some of the research that is
going on to understand the disorder.

·

·
Provide
at least one example of how understanding the genetic basis of the disease can
be applied to public health policy, programs, and/or practice.

Support your discussion by
citing at least one primary research article.

Read your colleagues’ postings from another thread.

Week 5

Immunology

In
the 1920s the first vaccine for diphtheria was developed. Soon after, vaccines
for pertussis and tetanus toxoid were developed and in 1925 the three vaccines
were combined, becoming what is now known as the DTP vaccination. These
vaccinations were developed in an effort to reduce childhood morbidity and
mortality rates from infectious disease.

Vaccination programs have changed significantly since 1925, even in the past 10
years. Today, children receive not only the DTP and MMR vaccinations, but also
Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, HiB, Influenza, Polio, Varicella (chicken pox).
Additional vaccinations may also be recommended depending on a child’s health.

The readings this week focused on the body’s immune system and how vaccinations
can help the body protect against infectious disease. With these thoughts in
mind, consider at least one example of vaccination efforts for a particular
infectious disease (this could include efforts to create a vaccine).

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Choose
any disease except influenza for which a vaccine is relevant (either a vaccine
exists or is needed) and discuss how knowledge of immunology is applied to
public health policy, programs, and/or practice for that disease. You may not
choose influenza because it is the subject of week 7.

·

·
Include
any applicable discussion on the historical context of the disease, focusing on
vaccination and eradication efforts.

Support your discussion by
citing at least one primary research articl

Week 6

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

Pathogens

Most
people are familiar with how viruses can cause colds, and how bacteria is
linked to foodborne illness. Do you eat yogurt with live cultures? That is a
probiotic food. Microorganisms are not just “germs.” The intestinal
track is an ecosystem unto itself, and we could not function without certain
microbes in our digestive track. This is why, sometimes when you take
antibiotics, you get diarrhea. You have eliminated some of the beneficial microorganisms
that live in your intestine. The best way to get them back is to eat a
probiotic food like yogurt with live cultures.

Consider the different pathogens that cause diseases. As a public health
professional, which disease are you most concerned about?

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Choose
a specific type of microbe that causes a particular human disease and explain
how it causes this disease in humans.You may not choose influenza or the same
microbe you discussed in the week on immunology.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published research that has been done to
understand this organism and its mechanism of action, and explain how the
findings can be applied in public health.

Support
your discussion by citing at least one primary research article.

Bottom of Form

Week 7

Influenza
Pandemic

Do
you know why individuals have to get a flu shot to be protected from seasonal
influenza every year? It is because of genetic drift. The influenza virus has
an inherently unstable RNA genome, which makes it easy for it to mutate just
enough every year so that our immune systems no longer recognize the virus.
Every year, researchers work at a frantic pace to determine which strains will
be prevalent in the coming year, and then create the vaccine to combat it.
Usually, they get it right, but this is why in some years, the flu shot does
not work very well. In the early part of flu season, samples are quickly
analyzed to determine whether the strain is a good match for the vaccine.

To prepare for this week’s Discussion, reflect on the readings for this week.

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Provide
a concise description of the mechanism of action of influenza viruses, using
molecular and biological terminology as appropriate. Include in your discussion
an explanation of the ability of the influenza virus to cause a pandemic.
Support your discussion with at least one primary research article.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to
understand an influenza virus that infects humans or that could potentially
infect humans, and explain how the findings can be applied in public
health.This could include a seasonal, zoonotic (eg. avian or canine), or known
pandemic influenza strain. Be sure to cite the research study you discuss,
which may not be the same source used for the bullet point above.

Support your discussion by
citing at least two primary research articles.

Week8

Toxicity
of Alcohol

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Provide a concise description of what
is known about the mechanism of action and toxicity of alcohol using molecular
and biological terminology as appropriate.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to
understand the mechanism and toxicity, and explain how the findings can be
applied in public health.

Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article.

Read your colleagues’ postings from another thread.

Respond by Day 6 to at least one of your colleagues’ postings in
a different topic in one or more of the following ways:

·

·
Ask
a probing question

·

·
Expand
on the colleague’s posting with additional insight and resources

·

·
Offer
polite disagreement or critique, supported with evidence

In addition to, but not in place of the above, you may:

·

·
Offer
and support an opinion

·

·
Validate
an idea with your own experience

·

·
Make
a suggestion or comment which guides or facilitates the discussion

Review and reflect on your colleagues’ postings to your initial posting. Note what
you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of the
comments made by your colleagues. (No posting is required for this reflection.) NOTE: Remember
return to this initial postingtopic to respond to questions and peer feedback.

Week 9

Biological
Basis of Cancer

Prior
to writing your Discussion response this week, choose a particular angle of
carcinogenesis to focus on, such as chemical-induced mutagenesis, genes,
signaling pathways, etc. Consider the implications and application to public
health.

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Choose
a type of cancer and provide a concise description of what is known about how
this carcinogenesis occurs, using molecular and biological terminology as
appropriate. Include the role of genes and environment in your discussion as
they relate to the type of cancer you chose.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published research that is being done to
understand this carcinogenesis, and explain how the findings can be applied in
public health.

Support your discussion by citing at least one primary research article.

Read your colleagues’ postings.

Respond by Day 6 to at least one of your colleagues’ postings in
one or more of the following ways:

·

·
Ask
a probing question

·

·
Expand
on the colleague’s posting with additional insight and resources

·

·
Offer
polite disagreement or critique, supported with evidence

In addition to, but not in place of the above, you may:

·

·
Offer
and support an opinion

·

·
Validate
an idea with your own experience

·

·
Make
a suggestion or comment which guides or facilitates the discussion

Review and reflect on your colleagues’ postings to your initial posting. Note what
you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of the
comments made by your colleagues. (No posting is required for this reflection.)

Week 10

Atherosclerosis

Most
individuals associate atherosclerosis with the coronary arteries. However, any
artery in the body can become diseased with plaque. Arteries leading to the
brain, arms, pelvis, and legs can also become clogged with atherosclerotic
plaque.

In preparation for this Discussion, consider the risk factors associated with
atherosclerosis.

Post
by Day 4 a
response to the following:

·

·
Provide
a concise description of atherosclerosis, including what is known about how it
occurs and the role of risk factors such as diet. Utilize molecular and
biological terminology as appropriate.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published literature that is being done to
understand how atherosclerosis occurs, and explain how the findings can be
applied in public health.

Support your discussion by
citing at least one primary research article.

Read your colleagues’ postings.

Week 11

Alzheimer’s
Disease

Alzheimer’s
disease, a neurological disease, is a very costly public health problem. As the
population ages, the incidence of Alzheimer’s will increase. According to one
research study by Brookmeyer, Gray, and Kawas (1998) the incidence of
Alzheimer’s will nearly quadruple in the next 40 years. Finding a way to delay
the onset of this disease could have a major impact on public health.

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Provide
a concise description of what is known about how Alzheimer’s disease occurs,
including risk factors such as genes and environment. Utilize molecular and
biological terminology as appropriate.

·

·
Discuss
at least one example of recent, published literature that is being done to
understand how Alzheimer’s disease occurs, and explain how the findings can be
applied in public health.

Support your discussion by
citing at least one primary research article.

Read your colleagues’ postings in the Addiction topic.

Week12

Discussion – Week 12

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

The
Big Picture: Course Concepts

Consider
the different concepts presented throughout this course: cellular and molecular
biology, human genetics, immunology, biological basis of influenza, toxicology,
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and more. Reflect on how your understanding of
these concepts has grown over the past 11 weeks.

Post by Day 4 a response to the following:

·

·
Post
a discussion of the concepts presented throughout this course that you found
most useful personally or professionally. Be sure that this initial post is
250–350 words in length.

Bottom of Form

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