QuestionAnswered step-by-step A 69-year-old female complains of bilateral visual difficulty that has

QuestionAnswered step-by-step A 69-year-old female complains of bilateral visual difficulty that has progressed over the last year. She appeared depressed and very worried for her vision. Funduscopic examination reveals small yellow retinal lesions clustered in the macula. Which of the following would you expect most on visual field examination?Homonymous hemianopsiaBinasal hemianopsiaBitemporal hemianopsiaArcuate cotomasCentral scotomas A 55 year-old male patient is being evaluated for hypoventilation. He is obese and suffering from hypertension for many years. He is asked to take several deep breaths in rapid succession, and the following physiologic information is obtained: Which of the following locations is the most likely site of this patient’s disease?NasopharynxBrainstemPericardial  spacePeripheral nervesNeuromuscular junction   A 53-year-old obese woman presents to the emergency room with severe epigastric pain that started after a heavy meal. She attended birthday party where they had a barbeque and drank a lot of beers. She has had several milder episodes before related to fatty food consumption. Physical examination reveals marked tenderness in the right subcostal area. Which of the following hormones most likely provoked the current attack in this patient?    Secretin Cholecystokinin Gastrin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) Motilin Somatostatin    A 53-year-old Asian female comes to your office with a 5-month history of amenorrhea. She took oral contraceptive pills for 8 years but discontinued them 5 months ago. Her past medical history is no contributary. She is asking why she does not have her menstrual cycles anymore. You explain that menopause is the most likely explanation of her amenorrhea. Which of the following is the best test to confirm your suspicion?Serum luteinizing hormone level Serum estrone level Serum prolactin level Serum follicle-stimulating hormone level Urinary 17-ketosteroids A 42-year-old Caucasian female comes to the physician complaining of difficulty sleeping. She says that his new job as a manager is very stressful and requires frequent travel. During the past 6 months, she has made numerous trips between the United States and Italy. She experiences difficulty sleeping and daytime sleepiness for several days after these trips, but her sleep then improves significantly. Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is most likely responsible for this delayed improvement in her symptoms? AnteriorLateralPosteriorSuprachiasmaticSupraoptic Ventromedial.   A 30-year-old Afro-American female experiences disorientation, heart raising, tremulousness and excessive sweating, all of which quickly become better after drinking some honey dissolved in water. She has had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 5 years and her insulin regimen has been stable for the last seven months. Which of the following most likely precipitated this patient’s symptoms?  Respiratory infectionModerate to severe painExerciseWeight gainSleep deprivation    A 54-year-old male experiences severe back pain due to metastatic carcinoma. He has 20 years of one pack history of smoking daily.  Low-dose morphine is injected into the epidural space that produces long-lasting analgesia. Which of the following is the most likely direct postsynaptic action of the drug on the spinal level in this patient? Blocking voltage-dependent sodium flow Increasing potassium efflux out of the cells Increasing chloride influx into the cells Increasing calcium inflow into the cells Activating Na/Ca exchange mechanisms  In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research related to osmolarity and body fluids. The body fluid volume/osmolarity changes in a 27-year-old hospitalized male patient are shown on the slide below (solid line – normal; dotted line – patient).  Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition? Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage   Psychogenic polydipsia   Diabetes insipidus   Adrenal insufficiencyHypertonic saline infusion    A 27-year-old female is brought to the emergency room with weakness and confusion. She has experienced polyuria, polydipsia and increased appetite for several months. Her breath has a fruity odor. She is deficient in a substance that normally:  Increases glucagon secretion Decreases glucagon secretion Facilitates the action of glucagonIncreases renal glucose productionIncreases the renal threshold for glucose reabsorption   A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because he and his wife have been unable to conceive for the last 3 years. They have no offspring. Infertility evaluation is begun, and laboratory studies show a low sperm count. Futher evaluation elucidates a rare genetic abnormality that leads to permanently inactive FSH receptors. Which of the following substances is most likely decreased in this patient? FSH LH lnhibin B TestosteroneDHEA      A 27-year-old female comes to the physician because he and her husband have been unable to conceive for the last 3 years. They have no offspring. A patient is treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. The blood level of the drug is demonstrated by the graph below.  Which of the following is the most likely indication for drugs in this patient? Infertility  Precocious puberty Prostate cancer Endometriosis. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding   A 33-year-old female is being evaluated for painful muscle cramps. On physical examination, light tapping on the chin elicits masseter muscle spasms. She has a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/dL, potassium level of 4.2 mEq/dL, and calcium level of 7.1 mg/dl. Which of the following components of her past medical history is most likely contributing to his current condition? Metastatic bone cancer Thyroid surgery Multivitamin overdose Chlorthalidone treatmentOvert hypothyroidism  In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of geneticist started research about synthesis of neurophysin. An individual with a point mutation affecting the gene responsible for neurophysin synthesis is most likely to suffer from: Short stature   Hyperpigmentation Diabetes insipidusHypothyroidismInfertility      A 55-year-old female is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus during a routine check-up. She has a history of hypertension for which takes bet blocker and diuretic. Her urine is negative for glucose and ketones, however. Treatment with which of the following agents would increase the C-peptide level in this patient’s blood? Acarbose Glyburide Metformin Rosiglitazone Enalapril Low-calorie diet    A 33-year-old female is referred to a neurologist because of recent-onset diplopia and ataxia few weeks ago. She has not experienced nothing similar before. However, about 8 months ago, she had numbness and paresthesia involving her left leg that have since resolved. After a throughout neurological examination which confirms her presenting complaints, the physician orders an MRI of the brain, which shows several areas of T2 hyperintensity consistent with axonal demyelination. A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is done. Which of the following neuronal properties is most likely to decrease as a direct result of demyelination? ThresholdTemporal summation Spatial summation Length constantTime constant   A 23-year-old man undergoes an Airman medical examination because he applied to join Army. During testicular examination, he is found to have only 1 testis in his scrotum. Further evaluation reveals an elevated serum FSH level and a normal serum LH level. Production of which of the following substances is likely to be impaired in this patient?  TestosteroneDihydrotestosterone DHEA lnhibin B Cortisol    A 53-year-old Japanese female undergoes total gastrectomy after an invasive gastric adenocarcinoma was diagnosed by endoscopy. You advise her that she should receive lifelong supplementation of which of the following?Gastric enzymesHydrochloric acid Medium-chain triglycerides Fat-soluble vitamin Water-soluble vitamin    A 37-year-old female comes to the physician because she has not been feeling like herself lately. She has had fatigue and is anxious that her weight increased even though she feels as though she is eating less for some period of time. Furthermore, she requests to be referred to a dermatologist, as she says that she has always had “nice” skin, but recently become dry. She has also observed that her hair has been thinning recently, and hopes the dermatologist can do something about that that as well. The patient is an actor, thus the symptoms regarding her physical appearance are particularly important to her. Laboratory evaluation reveals high serum TSH, low T3, and low T4 levels. Supplementing T3 to this patient would most likely result in which of the following?             TSH                     T3                       Reverse T3                          T4    A. No change Increase Increase Decrease   B. No change  Increase  Decrease  Decrease    C. Decrease  Increase  Increase  Decrease     D. Decrease  Increase  Decrease  Decrease     E. Decrease  Increase  Decrease  Increase                           In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologist started research project related to calories intake in nutrition. A 42-year-old obese participant was accepted in the study.  They evaluate his food intake. The participant is  5’7″ tall and weighs 260 lbs. He consumes 3,000 calories per day, with 30% coming from proteins. How much protein does this patient consume per day?130   160 180225 250  A 30-year-old Caucasian female comes to the physician complaining of dizziness and mild confusion over the last two weeks. She has a past medical history of seizures beginning in childhood and was recently started on carbamazepine by her physician.  Ordered laboratory studies show a low serum sodium level. This patient’s condition is caused by an inadequate response to a specific hormone, and proteins known as neurophysins are involved in the production of this hormone. Which of the following sites depicted below secretes neurophysin into the circulation? A BC D E   In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research about membrane potential of neuron. They are studying recordings of the membrane potential from a giant squid axon. A portion of their recordings is shown on the slide below. The membrane is most permeable to potassium ions at which of the following points? A B  C  D E   In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research about glucose transporters. They studies glucose transporters that facilitate glucose diffusion in various tissues. The following graph plots the number of glucose transporters found on the cell surface of two types of cells (circles versus squares) against insulin concentration. Respectively, which cell types do the circles and square most likely represent?  A. Adipocytes and skeletal muscle cellsB. Hepatocytes and cortical pyramidal cellsC. Hepatocytes and renal tubular cellsD. Skeletal muscle cells and renal tubular cellsE. Pancreatic beta cells and intestinal epithelial cells    In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research about glycose transport in adipose cells. One of their experiments reveals that, in the presence of insulin, 0-glucose transport across the plasma membrane of adipocytes is more  rapid  than L-glucose transport.Which of the following transport processes best describes the mechanism for glucose entry into adipocytes? A. Simple diffusionB.  Receptor-mediated endocytosisC. Carrier-mediated transportD. Primary active transportE. Co-transport        In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research about the effects of cortisol on vascular reactivity. The scientists find that administration of cortisol alone does not elicit a vascular response. Following this, the researchers conduct an experiment on hypophysectomized animals to measure vascular reactivity to an infusion of norepinephrine. Vascular reactivity is then measured again in these animals after pretreating them with cortisol. The following curves describethefindings of the experiment. Which of the following best describe the effect of cortisol in this experiment?  A. TachyphylaxisB. PermissiveC. SynergisticD. AdditiveE. Metabolic  In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research about GIT function. In an animal experiment, the pancreatic duct is cannulated, and different secretory stimuli are applied to the gland. The following tracings are received by measuring pancreatic fluid constituents: x k—–    Substance ‘X’      is most likely which of the following? SodiumChloride TrypsinogenBicarbonatePhosphate             In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of neurophysiologists started research about physiology of pain. They conduct an experiment on animal and various endogenous compounds are measured in the spinal fluid after application of painful stimuli. One of the compounds that increase as a result of the experiment is a pentapeptide with a strong affinity to delta- and mu-receptors. Which of the following substances is most likely to have a common molecular origin with the pentapeptide described above? Prolactin   TSH ACTHGrowth hormone VasopressinSomatomedin C    A 37-year-old Caucasian female, immigrant from Russia comes to your office with a significantly enlarged thyroid gland. Serum TSH and T4 and T3 levels are normal. You suspect that iodine deficiency may have contributed to woman’s enlarged thyroid gland. Which of the following best describes the function of thyroid peroxidase in this patient?Iodide uptakeThyroglobulin synthesisThyroglobulin iodinationlodotyrosine deiodinationThyronine secretion    A 29-year-old Afro-American female is treated because she couldn’t conceive for two years. She receives a short course of menotropins followed by a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG is used to simulate which of the following physiologic events?   Estrogen surgeFollicle-stimulating hormone surgeProgesterone surgeLuteinizing hormone surge Prolactin surge    In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of physiologists started research about physiology of GIT hormones. They measure the bicarbonate content of duodenal aspirates and plot these values as a function of the blood level of hormone A (see the graph below).  The hormone studied by the scientists is most likely one produced in the: Pancreas   Duodenum Stomach Liver Kidneys   In the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York group of neurophysiologists started research about physiology of pain. They perform experiment in which they do gastric function monitoring in healthy subjects volunteers before, during and after a meal shows an initial rise, peak, and then decline in gastric acid production. Which of the following helps most to down-regulate gastric secretion after a meal?   Basal secretion   Cephalic phase Gastrin release Intestinal influences Receptive relaxation Postprandial alkaline tide.  inhibits primary active transport? Tetrodotoxin Verapamil Omeprazole Lidocaine Dofetilide  A 37-year-old Asian woman who underwent an uncomplicated cholecystectomy two month ago eats a small meal containing mostly triglycerides and a small amount of complex carbohydrates. In this female, most of the dietary lipids would be absorbed in the:Stomach Duodenum Jejunum Ileum   Colon     A 20-year-old male marathon runner runs ten miles. Which of the following is most likely to be increased at the end of this distance?A. C02 content in the arterial bloodB. 02 content in the arterial bloodC. C02 content in the mixed venous blood D. pH of the arterial bloodE. Physiologic dead space      A research physiologist group makes measuring pulmonary function of 30-year-old man. He undergoes testing for workup of dyspnea. Patient’s pulmonary volume curve (red line) is shown on the slide below in comparison with a normal individual (blue line).  VOLUME     Which of the following is most likely to be increased in this patient?A. Forced vital capacity (FVC)B. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV,)C. FEV, FVCD. Total lung capacity (TLC)/residual volume (RV) ratio E. Residual volume (RV)/ total lung capacity (TLC) ratio  A 35-year-old woman is admitted to the intensive care unit because the acute-onset shortness of breath. Analyses of her expiratory gasses are following:Tracheal p02                                           140 mm HgAlveolar p02                                            150 mm HgAlveolar pC02                              10 mm Hg Which of the following match for this patient’s pulmonary gas analysis results?A. Normal alveolar ventilation and perfusionB. Poor alveolar ventilationC. Poor alveolar perfusion     D. Diffusion-limited gas exchangeE. Systemic arteriovenous blood shunting A 45-year-old male comes to the local physician for a routine examination. He has the following arterial blood results:PaO                             Normal % saturation (SaO)   NormalOxygen content                  Low Which of the following best explains his results?A. Cyanide intoxicationB. Morbid obesityC. High altitudeD. Chronic blood loss E. Mild asthma    The pattern of findings graphed below would be matched with which organ? Blood Oxygen ContentA.  BrainB. HeartC. SkinD. KidneysE. Lungs  A 25 -years-old male volunteer participates in a clinical study. Which of the following best explains the difference between the minute ventilation and the alveolar ventilation?A. Tidal volumeB. Breath rateC. Functional residual capacity D. Residual volumeE. Dead space        A healthy 29-year-old man travels to Peruvian Andes (15000 feet above sea level). After 8 days, he has his blood drawn by the physician. Which of the following is the most likely blood analysis of the traveller?    A 28-year-old male with claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces) is stuck in a malfunctioning elevator. He became severe anxiety, dizziness, weakness and blurred vision. Which of the following best explains this patient’s symptoms? A. Decreased arterial partial oxygen tension B. Decreased arterial oxygen contentC. Decreased arterial partial CO2 tensionD. Decreased arterial pHE. Increased arterial lactate content  A 30-year-old woman with tachycardia (increased heart rate) and raised cardiac output. Her arterial PaO2 and PaCO2 are normal. Which of the following responses match with her symptoms? High altitude Exercise Pulmonary embolism Carotid sinus massage  Panic attack       The lung and chest wall compliance curves for a healthy individual are shown on the slide belowWhich of the following is the best estimate of the intrapleural pressure at the point on the graph marked by the red dot?A. + 10 cm H2OB. + 5 cm H2OC. 0 cm H2OD. – 5 cm H2O         E. -10 cm H2O  A 37-year-old man is repairing his car inside the garage with the running engine. After work in some hours, he lost consciousness. Which of the following combinations match in this patient?   PaO2     Carboxyhemoglobin (nl= 0-2°/o)       Methemoglobin (nl= 0-1°/o)      A 62-year-old man comes to the medical clinic because of pain in the left leg. He has just returned from a trip to Europe. He has smoked one and half pack of cigarettes daily during last 20 years. Physical examination reveals 4 mm pitting edema of the left leg up to the knee. Peripheral pulse is normal. He begins the therapy that prolongs activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTI), prothrombin time (PT) and no effect on thrombin time (TT). Which of the following remedies is most likely to have been given to this patient?A. Cyclooxygenase inhibitor B. Direct factor VIia inhibitor C. Direct factor Xa inhibitor     D. Direct thrombin inhibitorE. Unfractionated heparin  A 49-year-old male comes to the hospital because sleepiness and lack of energy. His wife mentions that he snores loudly and sometimes stops breathing while sleeping. This patient has a risk to develop which of the following?A. BronchiectasisB. Pulmonary hypertension C. Bronchial asthmaD. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathyE. Laryngeal carcinoma   A 48-year-old European female hospitalized because of severe right leg cellulitis. In the ER she received a dose of cefazolin. Few minutes after starting the infusion, she complains of shortness of breath, diffuse itching, and dizziness. Her blood pressure is 65/30 mm Hg and heart rate is 145 /min. Her examination shows a diffuse early hematous skin rash and bilateral wheezing is heard on lung auscultation. Which of the following is most likely to be elevated in this patient’s serum? A. MyeloperoxidaseB. Tryptase           C. Alkaline phosphataseD. CalcitoninE. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid   A 48-year-old European female hospitalized because of severe right leg cellulitis. In the ER she received a dose of cefazolin. Few minutes after starting the infusion, she complains of shortness of breath, diffuse itching, and dizziness. Her blood pressure is 65/30 mm Hg and heart rate is 145 /min. Her examination shows a diffuse early hematous skin rash and bilateral wheezing is heard on lung auscultation. This patient’s symptoms are mediated by antigen-specific Ig E antibodies attached to high-affinity receptors on the surface of mast cells. What is the specific mechanism vasoactive substance released by the mast cells? A. Antibody-receptor dissociationB. Antibody-receptor covalent bindingC. Receptor internalizationD. Receptor aggregationE. Receptor detachment from the cell surface   The blood oxygen tension curve for healthy individual is ·shown below. Which of the following most likely explains the change in tension indicated by the arrow?  A. Diffusion limitationB. Perfusion limitationC. Wasted ventilation (dead space)D. Venous admixtureE. Shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve   Physiologists are investigating the influences of autonomic nervous system on respiratory characteristics. Bronchi are richly innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Which of the following parameters would increase as a result of vagal stimulation? A. Expiratory flow ratesB. Elastic recoil of the lungsC. Work of breathingD. Pulmonary arterial resistanceE. V/Q ratio    A 34-year-old male undergoes spirometry   as a part of a pre-employment evaluation. At which point on the graph below is the total pulmonary vascular resistance lowest?   A. AB. BC. C   D. DE. E   A 45-year-old woman with a history of menorrhagia comes to the physician for lab analysis of hemoglobin. She is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia and started on oral ferrous sulfate. After 5 months of therapy, her laboratory values have improved. Which of the following cell types exerts master control over the other cells involved in iron metabolism? A. Biliary lining cellsB. Bone marrow macrophagesC. Bone marrow stem cellsD. Hepatic parenchymal cellsE. Intestinal epithelial cellsF. Renal tubular cells     A 48-year-old female is involved in a motor vehicle accident and suffers a right femoral shaft fracture. After the hospitalization, her leg was operated on immediately. In four hospital days she becomes agitated and tachypneic, and complains of chest pain. Her arterial blood sample shows a Pa02 of 60 mm Hg. Which of the following is the mechanism of hypoxemia in this patient? A. Ventilation / perfusion mismatchB. Diffusion impairmentC. HypoventilationD. Left-to-right shuntE. Increased tissue oxygen extraction  A 68-year-old woman hospitalized because dyspnea and generalized fatigue. She has been hospitalized 5 times during the last 2 years for heart failure exacerbations. Also she has the medical problems include essential hypertension for 23 years, myocardial infarction at the age of 62, and hypercholesterolemia. Physical examination shows tachycardia distended neck veins, bilateral crackles on lung auscultation, a third heart sound on cardiac auscultation, and pedal edema. On the third day of hospitalization, her hematocrit level increases to 52%, up from 42% on admission. An arterial blood gas analysis shows an arterial partial pressure (PaO) – 70 mm Hg. She has normal red blood cell mass. Which of the following most likely explains the patient’s polycythemia?A. Polycythemia vera B. Hypoxic erythrocytosis C. Renal disease D. Occult neoplasia E. Relative erythrocytosis   A 67-year-old female with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is hospitalized because shortness of breath, fever, yellow sputum and lower extremity edema. Physical examination shows cyanosis of the fingers and bilateral lung wheezes. Which of the following findings is most likely in this patient? Normal arterial blood oxygen contentNormal mixed venous blood oxygen contentIncreased pH of the arterial bloodDecreased pulmonary arterial resistanceDecreased cerebral vascular resistance  A 58-year-old man is hospitalized because of progressive ·shortness of breath that has been occurring slowly over the last 8 months. Physical examination of the patient shows bilateral crackles on pulmonary auscultation and drumstick shaped fingers. Pulmonary function testing reveals a decreased forced vital capacity, a supranormal FEV/FVC ratio, and increased expiratory flow rates. This patient’s increased expiratory flow rates are best explained by an increase in which of the following?A. Physiological dead spaceB. Lung complianceC. Wall thickness of small airwaysD. Radial traction on airway wallsE. Outward recoil of the chest wall    A 49-year-old man living on the coast suffers from chronic mild dyspnea. He lives a sedentary lifestyle and has smoked a half pack of cigarettes per day for 10 years. His arterial blood gas analysis shows a PaO2 of 65 mm Hg and a PaC02 30 mm Hg. Which of the following is most likely increased in this patient?Lung compliance   P 02-Pa02 differenceTissue C02 production   Lung diffusing capacity Left-to-right cardiac shuntingMixed venous blood oxygen content  A 5-year-old Caucasian female with a history of pneumonia and weight loss has a high sweat chloride content. The dysfunctional transmembrane protein in this patient is of which of the following types?A. Voltage-gatedB. ATP – gatedC. G-protein activatedD. Ca2 -gatedE.  cGMP-gated  A 20-year-old female complains of occasional nighttime dyspnea and wheezing. She has no history of allergies, but her older sister suffers from atopic dermatitis. Spirometry findings are normal in this patient. Which of the following is the best drug to use as a provocation test in this patient?A. ScopolamineB. MethacholineC. PhenoxybenzamineD. IsoproterenolE. lpratropium bromide   A 53-year-old man brought to the emergency department with the following arterial blood gas readings:             pH                            7,25pC02                               70 mm HgHCO –                              25 mEq/LThe patient most likely suffers from which of the following conditions?Chronic obstructive bronchitis   Diabetic ketoacidosis   Diuretic overuse   Heroin overdose   Panic attack     A 28-year-old athlete begins special training with high-intensity physical exercises. At the peak of the exercise, which of the following parameters is the same in the systemic and pulmonary circulations?Arterial resistance     Mean arterial pressure Diastolic arterial pressure   Driving pressure for blood flow   Blood flow per minuteArterial oxygen content     A 63-year-old heavy smoker presents at the clinic because of chronic cough, lower extremity edema, and his physical examination reveals significant cyanosis and expiratory wheezes in the lungs. After being given supplemental oxygen through a nasal cannula, the patient’s respiratory rate decreases and he becomes confused. This decline is the result of decreased stimulation of which of the following?    A. Central chemoreceptors B. Carotid bodiesC. Pulmonary C fibersD. Pulmonary stretch receptorsE. Juxtaglomerular apparatus       A physiologist in the lab prepares a respiratory model for teaching his students. In his model, two spheres with elastic properties similar to alveoli are connected as shown below with a clamp positioned between them preventing airflow. The surface tension in the two elastic spheres is identical.What will happen when the clamp is opened?A. The spheres will become equal in sizeB. The smaller sphere will increase in size C. The larger sphere will decrease in sizeD. The smaller sphere will collapseE. The larger sphere will collapse   A 12-year-old boy playing soccer in a dusty football field in windy weather inhales many small particles in his terminal bronchioles. Which type of the cells is most important in clearing the particles?A. Ciliated cellsB. Clara cells C. Type I pneumocytesD. Type II pneumocytesE. Submucosal glands  In the Physiology Lab pulmonary ventilation (V) and blood flow (Q) are measured in a healthy volunteer. Which of the following curves is most likely to be found? (The x-axis denotes the base and apex of the lung.)      C. D. E.    A 48-year-old male is brought to your clinic with sudden dyspnea. His BMI is 31 kg/m2. He smokes one pack a day and drinks alcohol occasionally. His past medical history is insignificant except for mild swelling of the right calf over the past week. Which of the following arterial blood gas values is most likely to be observed?  In Mount Sinai hospital in New York group of physiologists started a research project related to respiratory physiology.A small number of participants were included in study. The study is conducted to measure airflow resistance along the bronchial tree. Which of the following curves is most likely to be observed of the airway resistance pattern in normal lungs?       A 48-year-old patient presents at your clinic because of dyspnea. The curve below (in black) represents the pressure/volume relationship in this patient’s lung tissue. The blue curve represents a normal pressure/volume relationship.The patient most likely suffers from which of the following conditions?Primary pulmonary hypertension   a1-antitrypsin deficiencyBronchial asthma Pulmonary   fibrosis  Fibromyalgia  In Clayton regional hospital presents a 38-year-old male at the emergency room because of severe dyspnea. He has a PO2of 62 mmHg by arterial blood gas analysis and you estimate his alveolar oxygen partial pressure (PA02) to be 71 mmHg. Which of the following findings is most likely in this patient?Ventilation/perfusion mismatch Diffusion impairmentRight-to-left shuntHypoventilationLeft-to-right shunt  A 43-year-old man is brought to your emergency department after being involved in a motor vehicle accident. He suffered abdominal trauma and bilateral femur fractures. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and pulse is 120 /min. During resuscitation, he receives several units of packed red blood cells. Once stabilized, he begins complaining of a tingling sensation in his toes and fingers. His serum calcium level is 7,2 mg/dl. Which of the following is the cause of this patient’s current symptoms?  Increased renal tubular secretion of calcium Calcium chelation by a substance in the transfused blood Electrolyte leakage from red blood cells during pre-transfusion storage Antibody-mediated red blood cell membrane damageParathyroid gland suppression due to fluid overload  A 62-year-old male was brought to the emergency department of the regional hospital because of severe chest pain, sweating and nausea. His examination showed ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF. Medical management of acute myocardial infarction was initiated. After initial treatment the pain decreased in intensity, but a reperfusion complex ventricular arrhythmia emerged. Which of the drugs was a result of rapid reperfusion in this patient?A. Heparin     B. Argatroban C. Warfarin D. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)   E. Aspirin F. TiclopidineG. AbciximabH. Cilostazol    A 55-year-old male has been working as a coal miner during the last 20 years, where he was exposing to industrial dust. What is the primary pulmonary defense mechanism of the respiratory tract of deposited small (less than 2 µm) particles? A. Cough and sneezingB. Upper airway trappingC. Mucociliary transportD. Phagocytosis     E. Immunologic memory   A 68-year-old male with a myocardial infarction presents at the emergency department because of shortness of breath and cough. Physical examination reveals crackles at the lung bases bilaterally and an S3 on cardiac auscultation. His oxygen saturation is low. Which of the following mechanism of the development the patient’s dyspnea? A. Increased functional residual capacityB. High V/Q ratio at the apices of the lungsC. Decreased lung compliance D. Decreased alveolar surface tension     E. Left-to-right cardiac shunting   In Mount Sinai hospital in

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