Question Matthew Quick Parkinson’s disease is a disease that affect

Question Matthew Quick Parkinson’s disease is a disease that affects the waya person moves. Movement for a parkinson’s sufferer can be slow and shaky. There are different types of parkinson’s, multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP),normal pressure hydrocephalus and tremors including essential tremors, dystonic tremors, indeterminate tremors and atypical tremors. These tremors are all part of this disease and affect all patients in different ways. Parkinson’s is a progressive neurological condition that affects approximately 70,000 people Australia wide, it is seen more in males than females. The average age for somebody to be diagnosed with parkinson’s is over 65 but there have been cases of diagnosis in people under the age of 50. When there is something like this it is referred to as young onset parkinson’s and the average life expectancy after diagnosis is 7 to 14 years. A diagnosis should always be done by a specialist. A diagnosis is not any easy…show more content…Levodopa does begin to become less effective as time goes on but another drug Dopamine Agonists takes Levodopa’s place in slowing the loss of neurons. It has been proven that a set diet and forms of rehabilitation like exercise can improve symptoms of parkinson’s disease. When the drugs become ineffective sufferers of parkinson’s can undergo surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain stimulation which reduce motor symptoms. Other symptoms which aren’t as big an issue like sleep disturbances and emotional problems can be effected by the medication that is taken. Sleep disturbances can be worse and somebody with parkinson’s can also suffer sleep insomnia, 13% of people with parkinson’s have sleep attacks or narcolepsy which is a neurological disorder which makes a sufferer randomly falltroke: A more mechanical term for stroke is Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). The term stroke itself is not clearly defined and is not a precise medical term. In simple terms, stroke ‘suffocates’ brain tissue and often produces an area of dead or dying brain tissue. A stroke always occurs in the brain and is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease. The most frequently encountered of the cerebrovascular diseases is the Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). It was earlier called apoplexy or an apoplectic attack and is now commonly referred to as stroke. Medically speaking a stroke is a “focal neurological disorder of abrupt development due to a pathological process in blood vessels” (J. N. Walton, 1994).Minisatellites MicrosatellitesNumber within the human genome  Approximately 1500  Approximately 500000 Locations within our genome  Mostly near the ends of chromosomes (telomeres)  Scattered throughout the length of all chromosomes Unit repeat length1 Approximately 10 to >100 bp  (12) 2 to approximately 6 bp  Number of repeat units within the array  Usually from approximately 60 to >1000  Usually ~6 to ~14 Used in  DNA fingerprinting  DNA profiling; genetic linkage studies Also known as  Variable number tandem repeats (VNTR)  VNTR, short tandem repeats (STR), simple sequence repeats (SSR) Given that no two individuals look exactly alike (apart from identical twins) it will come as no surprise that this is reflected in our DNA. What is surprising is the amount of variation between us. Looking at any one human genome, compared with the reference sequence, we would find approximately 3 million SNPs, and approximately 2000 structural variants. The genomes of any two unrelated individuals will differ in approximately 0.5% of their DNA (approximately 15 million bp), and most of this variation can be attributed to CNVs and large deletions. Although much of the variation in our genome lies within the non-coding DNA, we now know that, on average, each individual has several hundred variants that are either known, or predicted, to be damaging to gene function, including roughly 85 variants that lead to truncated (incomplete) protein products. Furthermore, the total number of functional genes per human genome may vary by up to 10% between individuals as a consequence of CNVs, large deletions and loss-of-function variants. Faced with this enormous level of variation you might wonder, not why some individuals are affected by disease due to inherited ‘mutations’, but rather how any of us manage to remain relatively healthy! Clearly there is no requirement for all of our genes to be functional: for many genes only one working copy is required, and in other cases there appears to be a level of redundancy or plasticity built into the system. However it is becoming increasingly apparent that some of the variations in our genomes may lead to higher susceptibility to common diseases.If a new mutation occurs during embryogenesis or development this can lead to mosaicism, where some cells in the individual have that new variant while others do not. Mosaicism for a new mutation may also be present in the gonads (‘gonadal mosaicism’), such that a new variant may be transmitted to less than 50% of the offspring, depending upon the percentage of gonadal cells in which the new variant is present. New mutations occurring during embryogenesis and development also generate a few differences between the genomes of identical twins.Very rarely fusion of two embryos will generate a chimera: an individual that has two genetically distinct cell lines present. Where the same sex chromosome constitution is present in both cell lines chimerism might only come to light with the observation of apparent non-maternity or non-paternity amongst offspring (where one cell line predominates in the gonads and the other predominates in blood cells). Fusion of two embryos of different sex can lead to characteristics of both genders being present, and chimerism is found in approximately 13% of cases of hermaphroditism.1. Which of David’s siblings is the better choice for the donation? Why?2. What other factors will need to be assessed about the potential donor? 3 – For what symptoms should David be advised to contact his healthcare provider?4 – What precautions should David take to prevent infection?  Health Science Science Nursing Share QuestionEmailCopy link Comments (0)

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